Analysis of Moral Dilemma essays

Analysis of Moral Dilemma essays Philosophers have studied moral concepts of right and wrong for millennia. During this time, great thinkers like Plato, Aristotle, Bentham, and Kant have developed a number of carefully reasoned and eloquent approaches to moral questions. These approaches in the field of ethics can span from metaethics (the core of ethical principles or universal truths) to the field of normative ethics (which takes a much more practical approach to solving specific problems) to the field of applied ethics (which looks at specific issues like abortion or animal rights) (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Each of these fields of ethics has sparked some often surprisingly elegant approaches to difficult ethical problems. However, in the real word, moral decisions are often much more difficult and confusing than they appear during reasoned ethical analysis. Moral dilemmas like the following illustrate the profound difficulty in coming to an ethical decision under truly trying and confusing circumstances. Imagine that you are an inmate in a concentration camp, and your son is about to be hung by a sadistic prison guard for attempting to escape. The guard wants you to pull out the chair from underneath your son, effectively killing him. The guard says that if you refuse to pull out the chair, he will kill your son and another, innocent, inmate as well. There is no doubt that the guard will carry out his actions. If you decide to pull out the chair from under your son, there are a number of potential consequences, both good and bad. Importantly, if the guard is true to his word, you will have saved the life of another innocent inmate. This is clearly a positive moral action, as preserving human life, especially innocent human life is essentially universally morally desirable. In saving this man's life, you spare both his personal agony, but spare his family and friends f...

The Economic Significance of Capital Punishment

The Economic Significance of Capital Punishment Introduction The survival of any civilization hinges on the establishment of laws and codes of conduct and the subsequent obeying of the same by the society’s members. Due to the fact that not all members of the society are going to follow the law on their own accord, forms of punishment for wrongs done may be used both for retribution and deterrence purposes. The Criminal Justice System of a country fulfils this role by providing a legal means through which offenders can be punished.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Economic Significance of Capital Punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the realities about the United States Criminal Justice System is that it is a hugely expensive system that takes a considerable amount of government revenue. One of the controversial aspects of the criminal justice system is that it allows for the use of capital punishment. This is used as the harshest form of retribution for the society’s most vicious offences. Many people believe that the death sentence is not justifiable despite the brutality of the crime that a person may have committed. Advocates of the death advocate on the other hand argue that the death penalty has numerous benefits and should not be abolished. This paper shall argue that the death penalty should not be abolished since it is not only the most efficient means for deterring future offenders but it also saves the federal government millions of dollars and is therefore economically astute. A Case for the Death Penalty Increased crime rates are almost invariably connected to a diminished economic well being of the people affected. It is therefore the chief objective of all governments through their law enforcement agencies to mitigate crime. The most desirable function of punishments should be to act as a deterrence to would be criminals. In an ideal environment, punishments should never have to be executed but their mere presence should cause all to abide to the rules and regulations in place therefore peacefully coexist. Capital punishment presents the highest level of deterrence since death is indeed the ultimate punishment. This is especially so in cases where the criminal feels immune to the other forms of punishment such as restriction on freedom of movement or even hard labor. A study by Dezhbakhsh and Shepherd on the deterrence effect of capital punishment revealed that capital punishment resulted in a significant reduction of homicides (30). This is because people were less likely to engage in this crime with the probability of a death sentence on the table Citizens of all countries agree to abide by the laws and regulation set by their government and pay taxes in return for certain rights and privileges from their government. One of the services that the government offers is protecting its people from both local and foreign threats. In instances where the government is unable to protect its people from rampant crime, political instability may follow. Instability is characterized by riots, assassinations and even outbreak of civil wars.Advertising Looking for term paper on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such a state is detrimental for the economic wellbeing of a country since it discourages investments therefore reducing the nation’s earnings. The death sentence results in a perception of justice especially when it is carried out against murderers. This perceived justice will result in more faith in the justice system and by extension the government. There is a relationship between the incarceration rates and the presence and implementation of the death sentence. Maintaining of prisons is an expensive affair and the cost is borne by the taxpayer. If criminals do not perceive the punishments they stand to face as being threatening enough, they will continue to commit crime and on prosecution, serve sentences in federal prisons at a cost to the taxpayer. Texas is one of the cities which experienced a crime peak which resulted in building of more jails to house the inmates. Spelman reveals that the Texas prison buildup was estimated to cost the State $1.5 billion per year (137). Texas responded to this increase in crime by reviving executions, a move which resulted in a 49.6% decline in homicide rates from 1992-2003. In addition to this, the rates of incarcerations reduced significantly therefore saving the state a significant amount of money. Crimes such as murder result in the loss of economic assets by the community. The loss is unjustifiable since in most cases, the crimes which carry the death sentence are perpetrated by hardened criminals. These characters are of little economic value to the society and their contribution to the economy or general well being of the country is minimal. The death sentence has been proven to be a significant de terrence to murder since this is one of the crimes which carries the death sentence. The society can therefore better preserve its economic assets through the death sentence by executing murderers. In trying to consider whether an execution was worthwhile or not, Donohue and Wolfes declared that invariably, the life-life tradeoffs were large than zero (61). In addition to this, the death sentence removes the risk that criminals pose to economically valuable members of the society. A study by Sunstein and Vermeule argued that each execution as a result of the death sentence resulted in the life of at least one would be murder victim being spared (706).Becker goes as far as to propose that executions should be allowed if the lives of the murderers were less socially valuable than the lives of their victims (1).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Economic Significance of Capital Punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e The alternative to capital punishment which is proposed by opponents of the death penalty is life imprisonment without possibility of parole. These opponents propose that this punishment is more humane and therefore the preferred option. As it currently stands, the annual cost of maintaining prisoners in the correctional facilities is high (Gottschalk 925). Life imprisonment translates to the prisoner having to be maintained in the penitentiary for his entire life. These costs will include healthcare and any other service offered to prisoners. This is a very costly and economically unsound affair considering the fact that the society will never reap any economic benefits from the person who has been imprisoned for life. Capital punishment as executed by methods such as the lethal injection is not only radically cheaper but it also spares the state of the resources it would have utilized to ensure that the prisoner is maintained for a lifetime. Case for Abolishing the Death Penalty One objection to the use of capital punishment would be the possibility of wrongfully executing a person. Such an action would results in the psychological distress of not only the surviving members of the executed person but also to the jurors who made the call. Such distress would significantly reduce the individual’s efficiency hence decreasing their contribution to the economy. Gottschalk reveals that this likelihood has resulted in a change of heart by jurors in capital punishment cases since people are unwilling to make the mistake of sentencing an innocent man to death (925). A suitable response to this objection would be that the justice system is thorough and always strives to ensure that the correct verdict is passed and that the innocent are not punished. Nevertheless, there exist possibilities of passing wrong judgments regardless of whether the capital punishment is involved or not due to human error or other unavoidable circumstances. As such, this shou ld not be used as a justification for scraping the death penalty entirely since the likelihood of making mistakes in the justice process is not entirely isolated to capital punishment. The number of wrong judgments made is also so minimal and is a worthwhile risk considering the merits inherent in the death sentence. Conclusion This paper set out to argue that the death penalty should not be abolished since it is an economically sound form of punishment with great benefits to the entire community. This paper has revealed that there is strong evidence of crime deterrence through execution. A criminal justice system that exposes criminals to the risk of capital punishment will deter crimes and especially murder significantly.Advertising Looking for term paper on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The paper has especially demonstrated that the death penalty would have a positive economic impact starting from deterring crimes, reducing the cost of running prisons and reducing the risk to economically valuable people posed by murderers. While some people do contend that the death penalty should never be imposed on anyone, regardless of their crimes, it can be authoritatively stated from the above discussions that capital punishment serves a significant role in the society and may indeed have a positive impact on the economic well being of the society. Becker, Gary. On the Economics of Capital Punishment. The Economists Voice, 3:3, art. 4. 2006. Dezhbakhsh, Hashem and Joanna M. Shepherd. The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: Evidence from a Judicial Experiment. Working Paper No. 18, 2004. Donohue, John and Wolfes, Justin. Estimating the impact of the death penalty on murder. Working paper No. 12, 2007. Gottschalk, Marie. â€Å"The Politics of the Death Penalty†. Pe rspectives on Politics, vol. 7/No. 4, 2009. Spelman, William. â€Å"Jobs or Jails: The Crime Drop in Texas.† Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 24:1. pp. 133–165, 2005. Sunstein, C and Vermeule, A. â€Å"Is Capital Punishment Morally Required?† Stanford Law Review, 58. p. 706, 2005.

Waste Disposal Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Waste Disposal Practices - Essay Example Waste management is an area that directly affects most businesses and is highly legislated by laws that can be difficult to apply and interpret. The price of waste disposal has increased significantly. The present study will evaluate the current waste disposal practices through analyzing the waste hierarchy i.e. 3 R's (Recycling, Re-use, and Reduction). In the process of evaluation of different models of EMS i.e. ISO 14001, ACRON (BS 8555), Environmental Management and Audit System (EMAS), the study will evaluate the different systems and try to conclude the best-fit system for the company through which waste management could be done. The present study use both qualitative and quantitative methodologies e.g. interviewing the key informants, questionnaire survey and evaluation through quantitative analysis. Rationale of study: Sustainability has become a broad church in which the congregation ranges form governments to multinational corporations from non-governmental organizations to medium-sized and small companies and from aid charities to private individuals. At a corporate level, even the smallest business is touched by issues such as environmental regulations, standardization and business standards, occupational health and safety, traffic congestion, land and energy use, waste management and corporate social responsibility. Business needs to be more aware of how its actions impact on the environment and human health. Importantly for businesses, risk is determined by several factors, not just the intrinsic hazards of an activity or plant. This is where environmental management systems and procedures can reduce the risk of environmental accidents. We believe that a well-planned and well-implemented environmental management system (EMS) will help to improve the management of environm ental risks from the activity. The effectiveness of organizations EMS's or procedures will be part of our assessment for judging what does and does not constitute 'real' risk. By identifying, managing and implementing responsible environmental practice, it makes good business sense and is synonymous with a well-managed organization. Background: Every business creates waste, but many businesses have demonstrated that huge savings can be made by managing it better. Good EMS practices are also important to make sure to keep with in the law, which is changing rapidly. Many

Wolseley Accounts Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wolseley Accounts Report - Essay Example This report will analyse the financial performance of Wolseley Group and how the group has performed in the last year or so. The report has been divided into three sections; the first section of the report will discuss and analyse how the group has performed in the last three years, the second section of the report will analyse the financial performance of the company using financial ratios of the year 2010 and 2009. The third section of the report will discusses about one of the items in the current assets of the company’s balance sheet, financial receivables. Section 1: Analysing the performance of Wolseley Group Wolseley Group is the leading trade distributor of heating and plumbing products to different professional contractors. The group operates in 25 countries and has more than 4000 branches around the world with more than 47,000 employees working for the Wolseley Group (Wolseley Group, 2011). The financial crisis has made a huge impact on different industries therefore the industries to which the Wolseley Group has been offering its products were affected as well. The demand of the products had reduced considerably around the world and therefore it influenced the sales of the company negatively. One of the most important industries to which the group has been offering its products is the construction industry. The clients of the Wolseley Group include large construction companies, professional contracts, individual contracts etc. However, with the economic crunch, the overall demand of the of construction projects has reduced to a great extent. There have been several factors that have lead to the reduction in the demand of construction industry as currently the economy is suffering with more unemployment and lower credit available, large number of housing inventory remained unsold etc. Therefore all these have resulted in reduction in overall construction in both the commercial as well as the residential sector. The following image reflects diff erent sectors of the group and it can be seen that most of them are directly or indirectly related to the construction industry. (Wolseley Group, 2010) In several countries including United States of America, United Kingdom, Nordic region, France and Central and Eastern European countries, the sales have reduced however only in Canada the sales of the Wolseley Group grew in the year 2010. But the problem is that Canada only contributes 6% of the total sales of the company as it has been shown in the image below. (Wolseley Group, 2010) All in all, the overall performance can be said to have improved as the sales declined by almost 14% in the year 2009 however in 2010 this figure has reduced to 6% and therefore it can be considered as a positive sign for the group. (Wolseley Group, 2010) Section 2: Analysing The Financial Performance Of The Group Using Financial Ratios Financial ratios are used to analyse the financial performance of the company. Financial ratios are used to analyse a nd compare one company from the other and it is also used to compare the performance of the company with its past performances (Ross, Westerfield, and Jordan, 2009). This section of the report will analyse the compare the financial performance of the company in the year 2009 and 2010 using financial ratios. Different types of financial ratios like the profitability ratios, liquidity ratios and the efficiency ratios are used in this report to analyse the performance of the company in the two years under study. Profitability Ratios Profitability ratios are used to analyse the profitability of the company. The higher the value of the profitability

The Concept of Externalities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Concept of Externalities - Essay Example Among externalities are ecological issues. When ecological issues come in, it is hard to control it. Example for these is the oceans, the rivers, and the air (Gale, 2001). It is hard for a market to cope up especially if there is an ecological exploitation. Most affected to this are those market whose products are taken directly to the one exploited, e.g. like sea foods. But usually the causes of the negative externalities are done also by the market itself. Example are those factory owners, if they dispose there wastes to the streams, they cause pollution. The market maybe aware about the impact they are doing but they think they can get away with it, or because the disposing of the garbage is too high, or they limit the budget for disposing waste to avoid costly method of disposing it (Mind your Business, 2003). In the long run, the negative impact will go back to them and that's when they realize the result of there actions. The market should regulate their waste disposal. They should invest a food was to dispose their wastes. In this case, they can be able to prevent ecological issues. To avoid the market failure, there are things that can be done not only by the market itself but the government can also intervene. Since the market know little about environmental impacts this requires research. This way though causes high costs for research. But there's another way, the government. The government has many accesses to more related action firms about this. The government can enforce an environment-protecting set of standards on the polluting industry. They can also limit the activities of this markets that can cause negative externalities. With this policy, markets will be controlled on their activities that may affect the environment. The government can enforce a tax on the polluter basing on estimated cost the damage done; in return the tax will then be used to eradicate pollution (Thompson, 2005). This way the only affected by the tax imposed are the producers and the consumers of the goods. Quoted from Mind Your Business news (Oct., 2003), "During the summer, they released their annual report - part of which was devoted to reporting on the performance of businesses in relation to incidents of pollution. The report suggests that overall incidents of serious pollution were 20% lower than in 2001 but cautions against any complacency and identifies well known businesses as being guilty of repeat offencesThe average fine per company rose by over one third to 8,744. Fines of more than 20,000 rose by nearly 42% compared to 2001 but the Environment Agency clearly feel that the size of the fines are insufficient to persuade companies to change their behavior. They cite numerous examples of businesses who flouted the regulations including a company director who dumped soil containing arsenic, mercury and cyanide. Arsenic is a deadly poison it its pure form and can cause circulatory problems, skin damage and increases the risk of cancer. Cyanide causes nerve damage and thyroid pr oblems and mercury causes skin disorders, internal bleeding, liver, kidney and intestinal damage. He was jailed for a year!" So for those markets out there beware about the rules and the consequences you might get into when it comes to environmental issues! According to Schultze (2006) that when a market failure occurs the resources fails. He emphasized that

Effects of Cocaine and Crack Cocaine

Effects of Cocaine and Crack Cocaine Cocaine versus Crack Cocaine Lindsay Janzen Introduction Drugs play a major role on the streets and in the medical field. Some drugs are seen as less serious as others. Stimulants are a wide category of drugs that is an upper. Stimulants generally make you feel happy and energetic. Cocaine and crack cocaine do exactly that. These are two drugs that are very similar, yet very different. Crack cocaine comes from cocaine, but is mixed with baking soda and water to create a lower purity form of free-base cocaine. This creates a hard, brittle unstructured material known as a piece of rock, which is crack cocaine. When it is smoked, it creates a cracking sound, which gives crack cocaine its’ name. Cocaine in its purest form is a white powder, whereas the colour of crack cocaine varies based upon the origin of the cocaine and how the baking soda is added. Crack cocaine can range from white to yellowish to a light brown. Crack cocaine in its purest form is an off-white solid with jagged edges. This paper is going to compare the history, adm inistration, effects, and legal aspects of cocaine and crack cocaine. History Cocaine originated from South America, from coca leaves. Originally, the coca leaves were chewed by workers to decrease fatigue, improve endurance and have a greater resistance to the cold. This was to benefit the workers so they could work longer hours and be more productive. In 1855 the active ingredient in cocaine was isolated from the leaves, and in 1880 it was used as a local anesthetic (Nunes,2006). It was also used in coca cola. In 1855, coca cola was a soda beverage that contained sixty milligrams of cocaine for every eight ounces of the beverage. The idea behind this was to give people energy and a sense of well being (Nunes, 2006). By the late 1880s Sigmund Freud was using cocaine regularly and was even recommending it to others. This only lasted for less than twenty years, until he started discouraging it to others. Then by 1914 cocaine was banned for medical use and in beverages. This caused the use of cocaine and by the 1930s, the use had drastically decreased. It then b ecame popular for recreational use in the 1980s (Nunes, 2006). It was often used and shown in movies such as Scarface, and is famous for the amount of cocaine that Al Pacino uses in one of the final scenes of the movie. Now it is still used recreationally and used by a ‘party crowd’. Although this is the primary category of people who use cocaine, people of all demographics use cocaine recreationally. Cocaine started to be first cut with baking soda in the early 1880s. This was done because of the price drop that drug dealers were facing. They decided to mix it with baking soda and make a hard piece of rock, and sell it in smaller quantities. This made crack cocaine, easily manufactured, cheap which made it highly profitable for drug dealers to develop (Kornbluh, 1997). Crack first started to become largely used in 1984. The worst impact that crack cocaine had was on the Northeastern states of the United States. This was believed to be because the CIA knew about the large amounts of cocaine that was being brought into the United States, to fund some of their operations (Kornbluh, 1997). This was alleged in the Dark Alliances article by a journalist. Today crack cocaine is still used recreationally but by heave drug users and abusers. It is seen as a more serious and more addictive drug than cocaine. Administration Cocaine can be administered in multiple ways, whereas crack cocaine only has one administration method. Cocaine has four main routes of administration. They are orally, injection, intranasal and inhalation. When cocaine is taken orally the person is swallowing the powder or liquid; it then dissolves in the stomach and large intestine and then through passive diffusion it is distributed to get the desired effect. This process takes approximately thirty minutes to enter the blood stream (Volkow, 2013). The next method of administration is injection. There are four different ways that cocaine can be injected into the body. The first method is subcutaneous, which is under the skin. Another method to inject cocaine is intramuscular, which is in the muscle. The third method is intraperitoneal which is in the stomach. Lastly, there is intravenous which is into the veins. Intravenous injection results in intense affects within 30 seconds of the injection (Volkow, 2013). This method is though t to be most common when thinking of heavy drug users because of the fast results. The next route of administration for cocaine is intranasal. This is where cocaine is snorted or sniffed up the nose. This is the most common way that cocaine is administered. Intranasal routes require ten to fifteen minutes for the desired effect of cocaine to begin. The last method is inhalation. This is where cocaine is smoked. The effect of inhaling cocaine is felt almost immediately; however, the effects do not last more than five to fifteen minutes (Volkow, 2013). This method is less likely with cocaine since it is the only way for crack to be administered. Cocaine is readily absorbed after oral and intranasal administration, but the onset of drug action is slower and the peak effect is takes longer period of time to be reached than with other routes of administration. Cocaine is processed rapidly with most of its effects vanishing twenty to eighty minutes after administration (Volkow, 2013). Coc aine and crack cocaine is eliminated through the urine and is detectible up to two to three days after administration. The route of administration is chosen by the user, and is addictive from whichever route is chosen. They become addictive because of the effect cocaine and crack cocaine has on the body. Effects Cocaine is a stimulant drug that has physiological effects that are seen outside of the brain, through how a person acts. Common effects of cocaine that can be detected by others are increased talkativeness, sociability, alertness and insomnia. Cocaine is a stimulant that stimulates the central nervous system. When an individual administers cocaine into body, three neurotransmitters are released into the brain; they are norepinepherine, dopamine and serotonin. These neurotransmitters are normally reabsorbed; however, cocaine works by blocking the reuptake for these neurotransmitters, which allows for these chemicals to build up in the brain (Holman, 1994). Cocaine binds to the transporters that normally remove the excess of these neurotransmitters from the synaptic gap which prevents them from being reabsorbed by the neurons that released them (Depression: Cocaine, 2014). This results in a natural effect of dopamine on the post-synaptic neurons, which is amplified and gives the pleas urable effects or feelings of the drug (Holman, 1994). These feelings are happiness, confidence, and energy. Each of these feelings are stimulated from a different neurotransmitter. Happiness comes from excess dopamine, confidence comes from serotonin and energy comes from excess norepinepherine. Along with the pleasurable effects of cocaine, it also has negative effects. Cocaine can cause nasal damage, loss of appetite, hallucinations, strokes, increased blood pressure, and increased pulse and heart rate. Recent studies have found that five to sex percent of people who use cocaine become dependent on it (O’Brien Anthony, 2005). There is no safe way to use cocaine to avoid becoming dependent; but once dependence is established, withdrawal occurs when not on the drug. This is the same for crack cocaine. Crack cocaine has a high that is extremely pleasurable and produces feelings of euphoria. The initial high is what crack cocaine users constantly keep trying to achieve. This creates the addictive behaviours associated with the abuse of crack cocaine. This desirable euphoric effect only lasts for a few minutes. Once this effect is done, the negative side effects begin and last longer than the pleasurable effects. The negative side effects include, paranoia, depressed and extreme itchiness. Long term effects of crack cocaine use are crack lips from the hot glass smoking pipe that is used to smoke crack cocaine. Other long term effects are respiratory and heart problems, teeth damage, loss of appetite, malnutrition, insomnia and liver and kidney damage. Crack cocaine abuse has been found to be associated with homelessness, unemployment and the sex trade (Edwards, Halpern Wechsberg, 2006). This is due to the paranoia and the need to support their drug use. Legal Legally, cocaine and crack cocaine are both classified as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Drug and Substance Act. The classification means that there are no legal rights to use cocaine and crack cocaine for medical use. Punishment is different for cocaine and crack cocaine, but it is based upon the amount of the drug that is found, and the purpose for having the drug. They are each treated as an indictable or summary conviction. If you are convicted of possession of cocaine or crack cocaine, with an amount over one kilogram it is an indictable offence and has a maximum sentence of seven years in prison. If it is less than one kilogram, it is a summary conviction. The punishment depends on the person’s criminal history. There is a mmaximum fine of 1000 dollars for first offence and/or six months imprisonment or a maximum fine of 2000 dollars for subsequent offences and/or maximum one year imprisonment. If you are convicted of trafficking or possession with the intent of trafficking, the punishment has a maximum sentence of life imprisonment and a mandatory one year of imprisonment if amount is less than one kilogram and two years if amount exceeds two kilograms (Controlled drug and, 2013). The starting point for trafficking in cocaine in small quantities is three years for most provinces, whereas the range of sentence for trafficking of cocaine in the amounts of one kilogram or more will typically see sentences in the range of five years. Larger amounts upward of three kilograms will have a range of six to eight years. In comparison, in Ontario, the range of sentencing for trafficking in small amounts of crack cocaine is six months to two years (Controlled drug and, 2013). This shows that although cocaine and crack cocaine are different drugs, they are classified under the same legal category. The only difference is the sentencing, which is based upon the amount you are convicted of having. Crack cocaine has a longer jail sentence with smaller amou nts than cocaine has of the same amount. Conclusion Cocaine and crack cocaine have similar long term effects. They both create insomnia and kidney and liver problems. They differ in the short term effects. Cocaine gives you increased feelings, of energy and happiness, whereas crack cocaine has a short high of euphoria and then negative effects of depression and paranoia. Crack cocaine is seen as a more serious drug than cocaine. This is shown by the legal sentencing of trafficking. A lesser amount of crack cocaine, gives a longer jail sentence than cocaine does. â€Å"Crack has been widely believed to be cheaper than powder cocaine, and this fact has been used to help explain why drug problems worsened in the 1980s† (Caulkins, 1997).

OLAP, Data Marts and Warehouses, Three-Tier Architecture and ASP :: essays research papers

WEEK 4 INDIVIDUAL PAPER OLAP, DATA MARTS AND WAREHOUSES, THREE-TIER ARCHITECTURE AND ASP DBM405 OLAP, Data Marts and Warehouses, Three-Tier Architecture and ASP OLAP The term OLAP stands for ‘On-Line Analytical Processing’. OLAP is a technology used to process data a high performance level for analysis and shared in a multidimensional cube of information. The key thing that all OLAP products have in common is multidimensionality, but that is not the only requirement for an OLAP product. An OLAP application is targeted to deliver most responses to users within about five seconds, with the simplest analyses taking no more than one second and very few taking more than 20 seconds. Impatient users often assume that a process has failed if results are not received with 30 seconds, and they are apt to implement the ‘3 finger salute’ or ‘Alt+Ctrl+Delete’ unless the system warns them that the report will take longer. Even if they have been warned that it will take significantly longer, users are likely to get distracted and lose their chain of thought, so the quality of analysis suffers. This speed is not easy to achieve with large amounts of data, particularly if on-the-fly and ad hoc calculations are required. A wide variety of techniques are used to achieve this goal, including specialized forms of data storage, extensive pre-calculations and specific hardware requirements, but a lot of products are yet fully optimized, so we expect this to be an area of developing technology. In particular, the SAP Business Warehouse is a full pre-calculation approach that fails as the databases simply get too. Likewise, doing everything on-the-fly is much too slow with large databases, even if the most expensive server is used. Slow query response is consistently the most often-cited technical problem with OLAP products. OLAP is used for mainly for analysis. This means that the system copes with any business logic and statistical analysis that is relevant for the application and the user, and keep it easy enough for the target user. This analysis is done in the application’s own engine or in a linked external product such as a spreadsheet. All the required analysis functionality can be provided in an intuitive manner for the target users. This could include specific features like time series analysis, cost allocations, currency translation, goal seeking, ad hoc multidimensional structural changes, non-procedural modeling, exception alerting, data mining and other application dependent features. The OLAP system implements all the security requirements for confidentiality.

Skype Improvement

In todays devices and services world more and more people choose to use Skype from devices like smartphones and tablet PCs hat rely on battery power, that on average have less processing power than modern desktop computers, and that are not physically or permanently connected to the Internet. This shift in the way people use Skype has required to enhance Skype's P2P connectivity as well as conserving battery and processing power, while delivering even more of the functionality and reliability that our users expect.Skype clients will continue to evaluate bandwidth, connectivity and firewall settings to select the most appropriate path for the call and continue to connect devices for P2P calls across the Internet so that users get audio and video connections that ‘Just work. As Skype continue on this Journey, these new technologies are helping to drive improved battery life and improved connections making Skype as a whole more resilient and providing a platform for exciting new f eatures.Introducing new features Skype have to introduce exciting new features such as video messaging which lets you catch up whenever or wherever the users are, connecting the users with the special people in their life even when their schedules conflict. Skype should invest in ringing new Skype scenarios online, putting the people who matter most to the users Just a click away. For example, in Outlook. com the users are enabled to connect through Skype without leaving your browser.Improving registration and account security Skype should improve their sign-up, sign-in, and security features. Great new features such as two step verification, will bring additional security to the users. As Skype continue to their new secured communication platforms, such as Xbox, Microsoft account will mean that the users have Just one account to remember and an unlock communications with a growing community of over 700 million Microsoft account users worldwide.Improving Skype chats Skype users send billions of chat messages every month, and enhancing the performance and quality of this core messaging experience is one of the key improvements the Skype should highlight. The Skype cloud should add the ability to queue and deliver chat messages even if the intended recipient is offline – so you can be ‘always reachable' to the people who matter most. Skype also should broaden

Free Essays on Political Science In The Arab-Israeli Conflict

Peace and Conflict Studies: Core Unit Conflict resolution is one of the most powerful ways of making positive contribution to the field of international relations. Conflict, be it behavioural or based on attitude, is currently creating grave world inequalities and furthering deep rooted problems. Conflict resolution sets out to provide lasting just solutions to these often seemingly endless problems and lay the ground for a lasting peace. In the twenty first century one longstanding international dispute that continues is the known as the Middle East Conflict or the Arab-Israeli Conflict. This essentially is conflict over land between the Jewish and Arab peoples and has been in crises for nearly a hundred years, yet has roots that go back to ancient civilisations. The establishment of the Israeli state in 1948 has created a serge of violence in the Middle East and displaced the Palestinian people. Both sides lay claim to this land. Attempts at solving this conflict have been made with little success. This paper therefore will argue that new attempts to solve the Arab-Israeli conflict need to be made through a conflict resolution practice known as conflict transformation. This is practiced by Burton, Fisher and Ury and Galtung amongst others. Essentially it involves restructuring ways of looking at conflict in order to transform conflict into a positive force. A brief summary of the Arab-Israeli conflict that attempts to be neutral shall first be given to show some of the complexities of this conflict. This will then be countered with conflict transformation theories that will show how they can be used to create a just peace to this long conflict. Owing to the confines of this paper an emphasis will be on the Palestinians on the Arab side. The Arab-Israeli conflict dates back to ancient times when in 1250BC the Israelites began to conquer and settle the land of Cannan. In 70AD under Roman occupation the Jews were expelled from P... Free Essays on Political Science In The Arab-Israeli Conflict Free Essays on Political Science In The Arab-Israeli Conflict Peace and Conflict Studies: Core Unit Conflict resolution is one of the most powerful ways of making positive contribution to the field of international relations. Conflict, be it behavioural or based on attitude, is currently creating grave world inequalities and furthering deep rooted problems. Conflict resolution sets out to provide lasting just solutions to these often seemingly endless problems and lay the ground for a lasting peace. In the twenty first century one longstanding international dispute that continues is the known as the Middle East Conflict or the Arab-Israeli Conflict. This essentially is conflict over land between the Jewish and Arab peoples and has been in crises for nearly a hundred years, yet has roots that go back to ancient civilisations. The establishment of the Israeli state in 1948 has created a serge of violence in the Middle East and displaced the Palestinian people. Both sides lay claim to this land. Attempts at solving this conflict have been made with little success. This paper therefore will argue that new attempts to solve the Arab-Israeli conflict need to be made through a conflict resolution practice known as conflict transformation. This is practiced by Burton, Fisher and Ury and Galtung amongst others. Essentially it involves restructuring ways of looking at conflict in order to transform conflict into a positive force. A brief summary of the Arab-Israeli conflict that attempts to be neutral shall first be given to show some of the complexities of this conflict. This will then be countered with conflict transformation theories that will show how they can be used to create a just peace to this long conflict. Owing to the confines of this paper an emphasis will be on the Palestinians on the Arab side. The Arab-Israeli conflict dates back to ancient times when in 1250BC the Israelites began to conquer and settle the land of Cannan. In 70AD under Roman occupation the Jews were expelled from P...

Stratasys Company

Stratasys Company Five Forces Analysis It is necessary to note that Stratasys captured the value due to the innovative nature of the product and services provided as well due to the company’s approach. Remarkably, innovation is the core value of the organization as it was launched after Scott Crump’s (the founder of Stratasys) attempt to make a toy for his child in his kitchen (Stratasys is shaping our world, 2015).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stratasys Company How Value is Captured specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In 2014, the company’s revenue was almost $750 million and the full year earnings per share was around $2 (McGrath, 2015). It is possible to implement the five forces analysis to understand the way the company captured the value. Supplier Power One of the powers that can affect the company’s performance is the supplier power. Notably, companies try to create a chain of vendors who have the n ecessary capacity as well certification to provide high-quality components (Gibson, Rosen Stucker, 2014). As has been mentioned above, the company was launched after its founder patented the principal element in the process of 3D printing. FDM is the process utilized to produce 3D elements from 3D CAD files, which is easy and efficient. Notably, the company can obtain materials for the development of its products from a broad range of suppliers. Therefore, Stratasys can easily change suppliers, which happened in the 2000s (Nelson, 2004). Vertical integration played a significant role in the creation of the favorable position of the organization that is not dependent on particular suppliers. Several mergers and acquisitions that have been implemented throughout the history of the company contributed to its vertical integration (Stratasys is shaping our world, 2015). Buyer Power Buyer power is a significant factor that has an impact on the development of the company. Stratasys focuse s on the provision of its products and services to large enterprises in such sphere as industry and medical as well as scientific research (see fig. 1). It is noteworthy that the business provides its products and services in such spheres as aerospace, automotive, architecture, dental, commercial and consumer products prototyping, education, entertainment, defense, medical device prototyping (Stratasys is shaping our world, 2015). Therefore, the buyer has quite limited power over Stratasys as there are still many customers, and the company’s position is favorable in this respect as well. However, those are big companies that can afford to buy such expensive technologies. Making their products more affordable for smaller businesses and even households will enable the company to gain a leading position in the market. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fig. 1. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing State of the Industry. Source: (Srivatsan, Maningandan Sudarshan, 2015). Competitive Rivalry It is necessary to note that the market for 3D printing and additive technology is rapidly evolving. Thus, according to the recent report, the industry will grow up to $20 billion by 2020 (Srivatsan et al., 2015). It is also quite a competitive market as there are more than 60 companies worldwide providing â€Å"more than 66,000 professional-grade additive manufacturing systems for eight industrial sectors† (Srivatsan et al., 2015, p. 28). Nonetheless, Stratasys has been one of the leaders in the field, and it holds its position due to its efficient policy. The company has implemented a number of mergers and acquisitions. For instance, it merged with one of its competitors, Objet, and purchased another rival, MakerBot in the late 2000s (Sharma, 2013). This horizontal integration leads to the disappearance of serious competitors. It also strengthen s the company’s position in the market. Threat of Substitution The industry is quite new and, hence, the chances 3D technology can be substituted in the near future are quite slim. Importantly, although 3D printing is unlikely to replace 2D printing in the short- and even long-term perspective, the former will acquire more popularity in such spheres as architecture, entertainment, medical and scientific research and automotive industry. At the same time, there are new industries developing at a high pace. For instance, injection molding, CNC or laser cutting can be a serious threat to 3D printing (Lipson Kurman, 2013). Thus, CNC is associated with high accuracy and the use of the software employed in many companies (CAD and CAM). Laser cutting can also be more helpful than 3D printing in the development of many components. Development of components is automated and, therefore, highly efficient. Injection molding is a technology similar to 3D printing, and it has a significan t potential. These innovations enable people to optimize many processes (Handerson, 2004). The technologies are developing quite rapidly, and new applications are found. Therefore, Stratasys should take into account the threat associated with the innovations mentioned above. Otherwise, the organization can lose its leading position in the market. Threat of New Entry Clearly, like any developing market, the market of additive manufacture and 3D printing is characterized by the entrance of new players. There are high chances that new companies will enter the market and evolve into serious competitors (Srivatsan et al., 2015). Many smaller companies are unable to remain competitive due to the lack of the capital.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stratasys Company How Value is Captured specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, they are often merged. However, in some cases, rivals of the company collaborate, which lead s to enhancement of their positions in the market (Eisenhardt Galunic, 2000). It is also important to note that availability of skilled labor force enables companies to operate more efficiently. More so, the technological development provides a variety of opportunities, and new players can enter the market (Eisenhardt Brown, 1999). The industry is expanding as researchers identify various applications of 3D printing (Bassoli, 2007). However, if the company continues its efficient policy of vertical and horizontal integration, it will be able to keep its leading position. Capturing the Value The brief analysis provided shows that the major elements of the company’s capturing the value have been innovation, acquisitions, and mergers. The company develops new products and services. It also aims at the development of technologies available to wider audiences. Acquiring smaller (but successful) enterprises as well as merging with serious competitors, Stratasys has managed to rem ain one of the leaders in the field. The company has improved its operations through vertical as well as horizontal integration. Stratasys is trying to acquire the necessary facilities to achieve maximum vertical integration. For instance, the organization acquired the company producing thermoplastic materials, Interfacial Solutions (Stratasys strengthens materials development capabilities, 2014). It is noteworthy that Interfacial Solutions had been the company’s partner for several years. Thus, Stratasys acknowledged the efficiency of the facility and the acquisition of assets of this company contributed to the vertical integration of the leader in the market. There are various other small companies that can enable Stratasys to complete its vertical integration (Tranchard Rojas, 2015). As far as mergers are concerned, there are a few options at the moment. However, the company can enter various collaborations with such giants as HP, Microsoft, Google. Such collaboration hel ps companies to use innovative technology and strategy and benefit from the use of new approaches (Tushman Smith, 2002). It also gained the reputation of the reliable and responsible organization, which leads to the development of proper relationships with the company’s partners. It is important to add that the vast majority of enterprises in the industry also focus on innovation, which is the key to success in 3D printing and additive manufacture (ASTM additive manufacturing standards, 2015).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, IBM and HP, some of the primary competitors of Stratasys, have developed similar technologies and they also make steps in horizontal integration. It is possible to assume that the winner of the race will be the company that is the most successful in these two areas. Development of new products and services, as well as the search for new implications, will enable companies to gain (or keep) the leading position in the market. Uniqueness and Complementary Assets Apparently, uniqueness has played the central role in the development of the company as well as the entire industry. As far as the industry is concerned, it is possible to note that people got used to the printing technology, and 3D printing turned out to be revolutionary. Importantly, it had various implications. Such industries as automotive, architecture and commercial goods development benefited from the development of additive manufacture most. The primary buyers of the technology are companies involved in the aeros pace industry and medical (especially dental) research (Srivatsan et al., 2015). The prototypes could be detailed, and the production was automatized. Now, 3D technology is used for manufacturing purposes as well. When it comes to the company, its uniqueness also had an enormous impact on its development. Thus, the creation of FDM ensured a significant competitive advantage. Stratasys could provide high-quality products and services that were gaining immense popularity. The use of 3D technology in medicine and innovative approach of Stratasys contributed to the uniqueness of the company (Rengier, 2010). Importantly, speed is another essential element that contributed to the development of the industry. Additive manufacture provides such advantages as the reduction of waste and energy consumption, decreased marketing time, just-in-time production and so on. There is no need to spend months developing prototypes as people are now able to create a prototype within hours. Apparently, th is makes their products’ cost-effectiveness significantly higher. Moreover, in many cases, companies do not need to look for producers of certain elements of their products as they are capable of developing these components utilizing 3D printers. The company can also be characterized by a number of complementary assets that ensured its growth. First, Stratasys earned the reputation of an innovative and reliable company during its early years. This status encouraged many companies to buy from this firm rather than from its competitors who were less famous or reliable (Nelson, 2004). Apart from that, the company has developed efficient distributional channels, which can be seen as another important complementary asset (Gibson et al., 2014). The Minnesota-based company provides its products and services worldwide, which makes it one of the leaders in the market. Furthermore, the complementary asset of the company is the provision of co-producing power to the consumer (Gibson et al., 2014). The technology provides a broad range of possibilities to users of 3D printers as they can create new shapes quite easily. It is also important to add that the company has online stores that enable customers to purchase products easily. Another important complementary asset is the compatibility of the technology with such software as Windows, Linux and so on. Conclusion In conclusion, it is possible to note that Stratasys has been a leader in the field of additive manufacture and 3D technology due to its focus on innovation and vertical as well as horizontal integration. Clearly, the company has to take into account various threats such as new entrants and empowerment of competitors. The organization provides high-quality products that are gaining more and more popularity. Stratasys also plans to develop more affordable 3D printers that will expand the market significantly. Reference List ASTM additive manufacturing standards: What you need to know. (2015). Retrieved fro m https://www.stratasysdirect.com/blog/astm-standards/ Bassoli, E. (2007). 3D printing technique applied to rapid casting. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 13(3), 148-155. Eisenhardt, K., Brown, S. (1999). Patching: Restitching business portfolios in dynamic markets. Harvard Business Review, 1(1), 1-19. Eisenhardt, K., Galunic, C. (2000). Coevolving: At last, a way to make synergies work. Harvard Business Review, 78(1), 21-35. Gibson, I., Rosen, D., Stucker, B. Additive manufacturing technologies: 3D printing, rapid prototyping, and direct digital manufacturing. Atlanta, GA: Springer, 2014. Print. Handerson, R. (2004). Going for growth: Managing discontinuous innovation. New York, NY: Springer. Lipson, H., Kurman, M. (2013). Fabricated: The new world of 3D printing. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. McGrath, M. (2015, February 3). Stratasys tanking more than 30% on slashed guidance. Forbes. Retrieved from forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2015/02/03/stratasys-tanking-more-than-30-on-slashe d-guidance/ Nelson, B. (2004, September 20). Almost out of the Woods. Forbes. Retrieved from forbes.com/forbes/2004/0920/208.html Rengier, F. (2010). 3D printing based on imaging data: review of medical applications. International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, 5(4), 335-341. Sharma, R. (2013, September 24). The real reason Stratasys bought MakerBot. Forbes. Retrieved from forbes.com/sites/rakeshsharma/2013/09/24/stratasys-bold-moves-a-conversation-with-company-chairman-scott-crump/ Srivatsan, T.S., Maningandan, K., Sudarshan, T.S. (2015). Additive manufacturing of materials: Viable techniques, metals, advances, advantages, and applications. In T.S. Srivatsan T.S. Sudarshan (Eds.), Additive manufacturing: Innovations, advances, and applications (pp. 1-49). Natick, MA: CRC Press. Stratasys is shaping our world. (2015). Retrieved from stratasys.com/corporate/about-us Stratasys strengthens materials development capabilities with the asset acquisition of Interfaci al Solutions. (2014). Retrieved from http://investors.stratasys.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=838064 Tranchard, S., Rojas, V. (2015). Manufacturing our 3D future. Retrieved from iso.org/iso/news.htm?refid=Ref1956 Tushman, M., Smith, W. (2002). Organizational technology: Technological change, ambidextrous organizations and organizational evolution. London, UK: Oxford University Press.

The case report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The case report - Essay Example It is an intentional and goal oriented programme. Change can also be unplanned. This is when an organisation is forced by circumstances to change some or all of its processes, strategies, systems or any aspect of its operations in order to remain in operation or perform better. In this case change is reactive. Apart from whether change is planned or unplanned, there are also different perspectives on the nature of change process. The planned approach assumes that the change process is linear and carefully crafted with several identifiable steps, which follow, in a sequential order. Another perspective, however believes that this linear, orderly fashion does not suit the complex and rapidly changing environment in which businesses operate. There is the issue of the locus of emphasis in initiating and implementing change programmes. Three schools of though have also emerged in this regard. There is the Individual Perspective School which believes that the locus of change should be the individual. The Group Dynamics School believes that organisational change should best be achieved through groups and that behaviour of individuals should be changed by influencing group norms, roles, and values. Then the Open System School sees organisations as consisting of several systems and also being parts of the larger system. Thus the internal subsystems interact among themselves while the organisation as a whole interact with the external environment. Changes in any parts of the system affect the other subsystems and also the general performance. TERMS OF REFERENCE: Report how to manage change for a case company Type of assessment - Individual Draft a job description advertising for a change agent suitable for this case organisation. From the points raised by the General Manager, Steve Humphries, it would be good to look at the following areas, which will form a yardstick on which basis decision as to whether or not change is necessary can be taken, what type of change, when and how. Let us look at the strengths of Polyflow Plastics & Packaging Limited: [1] Good contract from established customers [2] Sub-contracts from fellow competitors in the industry [3] Contacts all over London and South East [4] Customer satisfaction due to personal attention by the MD [5] Experienced workers [6] Big market in the packaging products line From the above, it can be noticed that presently there are good contracts both from organisations [established customers] as well as from competitors. From all indications, this has boosted the earnings of the organization and makes

Choose two anthropology questions in this six questions and answer Assignment

Choose two anthropology questions in this six questions and answer - Assignment Example As a rite of passage, hajj represents a change in faith as Muslims who attend this annual pilgrimage are considered to have attained great faith in their religious beliefs. Hajj is also a rite of passage because it is a ritual worship that members of the Islamic faith are expected to fulfill (Tagliacozzo 4). The concept of the â€Å"one-and-the-many† can be said to relate to the notions of whether Hinduism is a monotheistic or polytheistic religion. Based on this concept, one understands how the multiplicity of Gods is an issue of concern in the Hindu religion. Among the Hindus, there is a tendency to worship many Gods as opposed to worshiping a certain religious deity. The various deities in the Hindu religion are a representation of a single supreme being known as Brahman. Hindus do not worship many gods; rather, they have only one god and different deities (Morgan