Should Public Smoking Be A Smoke Free Campus - 825 Words

This source is published by the University of Illinois; it is the frequently asked question page. It was published this summer, therefore, I have recent information to back up my points. This source will be useful for my research question because it addresses topics about how campuses are continuing to eliminate smokers on campus, one way they eliminate it is by enforcing policies, however, if the polies are not followed there is a fined. In addition, it talks about why campuses are going smoke free, so this will be a great source to refer to when I address why I believe George Mason University should be a smoke free campus. Mostly importantly, the question if secondhand smoking is much of a problem is addressed. Many believe it is not a problem, therefore, when I talk about how it is a major problem I will refer to this site to get information to prove my point. Stansbury, Taryn. No More Smoking on Campus? Fox Business. FOX News, 15 Feb. 2013. Web. 24 Oct. 2015. http://www.foxbusiness.com/personal-finance/2013/02/15/no-more-smoking-on-campus/ This is a news article published by Fox Business. This article talks about how college campuses around the world are becoming smoke free. SO far, according to the article, over 1000 colleges have imposed smoke-free polices. This article is a great source for my research because it talks about the effect, smoke free polices, have had on college campuses. In addition, this articles contains opposing view on smoke free campuses.Show MoreRelatedSmoking on College Campuses1260 Words   |  6 PagesThe days of smoking on college campuses is coming to an end! (Daneman) The Department of Health and Human Services made an announcement, backed by the White house, to act on getting colleges everywhere to enforce a tobacco free campus! (Daneman) Smoking is a choice made amongst an individual and falls within the f irst amendment in the constitution along with eight more! So how can we legally ban smoking from a whole college campus? In the end, the individual is going to do what he/she pleases ifRead MoreCampus Wide Proposal For Fayette County Community Action Agency1100 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking Suspension Campus wide proposal for Fayette County Community Action Agency (FCCAA) The mission of Fayette County Community Action Agency is to strengthen individuals and families to become more self-sufficient, achieving their potential by taking advantage of opportunities, improving the conditions in which they live, and taking ownership of their community. The Agencies Mission statement makes a commitment to the well-being of the customers, residents, employees and business partners. 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According to an article titled â€Å"History of Smoke and Tobacco-Free UAA† (n.d.), â€Å"With the new policy, UAA joins more than 1,500 colleges and universities in the U.S. that are smoke or tobaccoRead MoreSmoking Bans Cut Number Of Heart Attacks993 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking Bans Allyna Reyna Ms. Piazza English IV, Period 1 November 3, 2015 Smoking Bans cut number of heart attacks, strokes smoking bans quickly and dramatically cut the number of people hospitalized for heart attacks, strokes and respiratory diseases such as asthma and emphysema. Heart attack hospitalizations fell an average of 15% after communities passed laws banning smoking in areas such as restaurants, bars and wore places, according to the largest analysis of smoke-free legislation to dateRead MoreCoffee and Cigarettes: Second-Hand Smoke and Smoke Free Law Summary and Questions855 Words   |  4 PagesField, P. (1922, October 10). Coffee and Cigarettes: Second-Hand Smoke and Smoke-Free Laws. 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Print Summary Print Capitalism - 1791 Words

Essay 1: Question 1 Print capitalism led to the idea of a nation as â€Å"imagined†, â€Å"political†, and â€Å"community† because it allowed for capitalistic entrepreneurs to print their books and media in the vernacular as opposed to the exclusive script languages like Latin. In doing so it, allowed for the max distribution and circulation of their works in multiple vernaculars for readers speaking several local dialects to come together and understand one another, resulting in the emergence of a common discourse. Though printing had existed in the 15th century it was aimed at Latin readers and after 250 years this market became saturated, leading to their focus to shift to printing in vernaculars. Print gave language a new fixity, helped create†¦show more content†¦Language was used as a powerful means to root a nation to the past and present, used to create history and policies at the same time an example of which is illustrated by Museums. Museums suggest a political inheritance of historical connections and restored monuments that serve as regalia for the modern state, and also create a feeling of community. Lastly, print capitalism lead to the idea of a nation as an imagined community because it creates a sense of solidarity through its inequality and injustice. Solidarity can be seen through war tributes and holidays in which an entire nation participates. Additionally, through the use of language, it is a powerful means that is used to unite a nation. It suggests a community between its contemporary society and its dead ancestors. Language arts such as poetry, songs, and national anthems for example, create a simultaneous imagined community of selfless voices. Essay 2: Question 4 In welfare states we find â€Å"qualitatively different arrangements between state, market, and family†(page 25) In order to differentiate how they contrast one another in commodification and stratification policies, we must first define each regime. The liberal welfare state provides modest social insurance plans, and universal transfers to low income, working-class dependents. â€Å"It is a model in which implicitly or explicitly, the progress of social reform has been severelyShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx s Influence On Society1149 Words   |  5 Pagesown ideas in various ways. Applying to Marx’s Theory towards slavery, it showed how the society use to be and how it impacted the slaves to be part of their culture to manifest the society. Slavery was based on consumerism through religion, capitalism, culture, and community to enrich the economy. 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He believed that the communist society which will replace capitalism would be no contradictions and conflicts. However, huge changes were ess ential before realize this blue print. Weberian theory is the idea from Max Weber (1864-1920), which represent one of the most important developments in

Cathedral Essay Example For Students

Cathedral Essay In the story Cathedral by Raymond Carver a variety of elements of short fictioncontribute to theme. Raymond Carver uses a great variety of elements to render a themethat all members of society are accepted. The point-of-view in this story puts the narrator as a participant and theprotagonist. The narrator also has limited omniscience which keeps the reader fromseeing the blind mans feelings. Early on, the narrator is rude and inconsiderate. Heoften makes rude remarks to the blind man such as what side of the train did you siton? and comments on color TV. Carver uses the narrators prejudices as a reflection ofthe many prejudices inherent on todays society. The author sympathizes with the wife. Readers can sense the feeling of the wifebeing embarrassed. She covers up for the narrators mistakes. The authors use of tonemakes the readers dislike the narrator; therefore, the readers desire a change in him. The symbols in the story help to identify theme. The cathedral, the most obvioussymbol, shows unity and common belief. A cathedral is a place where everyone is equaland accepted. The touching of the face is also a symbol. It shows the trust built betweenthe wife and the blind man. The irony in this story is that it takes a blind man to make a seeing man see. Irony is when reality is not what it appears to be. Readers think that the blind man is at adisadvantage based on the prejudices known by everyone. In reality, the blind man cansee things that seeing people are unable to see. The theme that all of these elements contribute to is that all people are equal, andthe things you lack do not matter because they are made up for in other ways.

Supplier Selection Standards in Oman

Question: Write an essay on Supplier Selection Standards in Oman? Answer: 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Research Background The success of a construction project depends on quality and safety of the ingredients and products delivered by the suppliers. Therefore, identifying the right supplier is a very important business decision. Most of the companies consider that selecting the right supplier is a burdensome task, but they also understand the importance of this selection process. Therefore, construction companies and organizations have established their own processes to select the right supplier for their projects (Jarkas, Balush and Raveendranath 2015). However, this process varies from country to country. This task will mainly focus on the selection process of suppliers in the construction business in Oman and will compare it with other processes that are used in other parts of the world. 1.2 Research Aim The aim of this research will be to find out how suppliers are selected for a construction project in Oman and how this selection process is different from other processes which are used by other countries in the world. 1.3 Research Objective The research will be conducted to find out four objectives, To find out the standard of the selection processes across the world to select appropriate suppliers for a construction project To find out the standard of the selection process in Oman to select a supplier for a construction project To find out the problems Oman is facing to maintain the standard of their selection process while choosing the right supplier for a construction project To find out and develop a framework and guideline for Oman to help improve their selection process standards 1.4 Research Questions How suppliers are selected for a construction project in Oman? How suppliers are selected for a construction project in other parts of the world? What are issues in Oman while selecting appropriate suppliers for construction projects? What is the solution to the issue faced in Oman when selecting suppliers for construction projects? 1.5 Problem Statement According to the BMI research reports, the growth of Oman's construction industry has gone down to 4.5 percent from 5.5 percent in 2015 because of falling oil prices and its impact on Oman's economy (Hakro and Omezzine 2016).Therefore, the country is now facing some issues while selecting qualified suppliers for their construction projects. Lack of qualified suppliers is hampering their construction projects which in turn is affecting their chances to improve their economy because Oman's growth strongly depends on their construction industry also alongside with their oil industry. Therefore, it is important to carry out research to find out the problem and the solution related to the construction suppliers of Oman. 1.6 Research Structure Figure 1: Research Structure (Source: Author) 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Standards of selecting construction suppliers in Oman Suppliers of goods and services for a construction project in Oman must go through a Supplier Approval Process to be qualified and added to the Approved Project Supplier list (Islam and Khadem 2013). This process is divided into two parts which are the Pre-qualification stage and Supplier Qualification stage. Initially, a supplier who is willing to design and deliver goods and services to a construction project in Oman must have three qualities which are Safe, Reliable and Compliant. The Approved Supplier list (AVL) is one of the strategic levers used by organizations to manage the safety of their construction projects and to ensure supplier quality. The process of selecting a perfect construction supplier is built upon five pillars (Nasseri and Aulin 2016). It is mandatory for the suppliers to assess through those five key lenses which are Technical, Quality, Financial, HSSE and ACDD. Prospective Supplier Supplier pre-qualification Supplier Qualification HSSE Technical Quality Financial ACDD Figure 2: Qualification process for construction suppliers in Oman (Source: Bilal and Mqbali 2015) This qualification process serves to ensure consistency in supplier evaluation, stronger and deeper relationship between construction companies and its suppliers, shared learning and opportunities for improvement. Prequalification is the first step of AVL process and Qualification is the second and last process. After completing both processes, suppliers are listed in three qualification statutes which are Approved Level 1, Approved Level 2 and Not Approved (Memon, Rahman and Jamil 2014). Suppliers who have scored most points and met most of the requirements will be enlisted in Approved Level 1, suppliers whose performance were average and met some of the requirements will be enlisted in Approved Level 1 and suppliers who have performed poorly and could not meet any requirements will be enlisted in Not Approved status (Yafai et al. 2014). Suppliers who are enlisted in either level 1 or level 2 statuses will be added to bid lists for any relevant scopes of work. 2.2 Standard of selecting supplier across the world The selection process for construction suppliers across the world is slightly different from the process used by Oman. Oman uses a qualification process which is complicated and full of questionnaires and practical and theoretical tests (Chai, Liu and Ngai 2013). On the other hand, in the most parts of the world, companies follow a simple process that includes five key steps to select an appropriate supplier. Those steps are locating a supplier, evaluating supply performances, collecting feedback from suppliers, certification method and establishing a partnership. Locating a Supplier Before selecting a supplier, companies locate some suppliers to evaluate their potentialities and to compare costing. Many companies across the world have their supplier assemblage team that works with the potential suppliers to develop identification (Kumar, Jain and Kumar 2014). The supplier selection team explains how the materials will be used in a project and the manufacturing process. The ultimate goal of the team is to achieve a win-win situation for the manufacturer and supplier. While selecting a supplier, companies across the world not only consider supplier cost but also consider the total cost of the contract, delivery commitments, reliability and responsiveness, savings of resource both hard and soft (Khaleie, Fasanghari and Tavassoli 2012). Evaluating supply performance This is another important step in selecting a construction supplier that allows the companies to develop and audit and assessment program. Organizations always conduct an audit via multiple stages of the constructor and supplier relationship (Ferreira and Borenstein 2012). This program confirms that the supplier does not have any critical significance or quality system failures that can affect the progress of a construction project (Ageron, Gunasekaran and Spalanzani 2012). Another reason of this program is to figure out the strengths and weaknesses of a supplier before the partnership becomes official. Even after the contract is done, the process will be continued to categorize its suppliers into either a level of risk or a level of importance. Collecting supplier feedback For construction projects, it is vital that suppliers understand their won operations. Therefore, companies communicate with the suppliers via self-assessment questionnaires to identify performance gaps of the suppliers (Omurca 2013). Certification method Companies offer certificates to their suppliers based on their positive performance and strong relationship status. When a supplier fulfills a set of criteria established by its organization, then it receives performance certificates (Chen and Chao 2012). However, certificates can be lost if the supplier is working poorly and not meeting targets of the company. Establishing partnership Companies follow another step to ensure supplier performance and quality by forming a partnership with their suppliers. Partnership helps the suppliers to understand the source of materials for that company and the goal of that company during a project (Li et al. 2012). When suppliers gain full knowledge about those factors, then they can provide high quality services. With a strong business partnership, a supplier is more likely to anticipate what is needed from the manufacturer and starts to take a leadership role in communication. 2.3 Existing issues This research will focus to find out issues and challenges in the construction supplier selection process of Oman. According to Islam and Khadem (2013), construction industry of Oman is mostly affected by lack of professionalism of the suppliers. Suppliers for construction projects of Oman are accused of showing the lack of professionalism, delivering fewer amounts of materials, incomplete drawing, poor communication, inspection delay, bureaucracy and delay of inspection (Islam and Khadem 2013). Therefore, it is obvious that the standard of qualification process to select a construction supplier in Oman is not an effective program, as suppliers selected through this program are not performing well (Ruqaishi and Bashir 2013). That is why it was important to conduct research to find out issues and solutions that are affecting the quality of suppliers in Oman (Saleh 2015). 2.4 Conceptual Framework Figure 3: Conceptual Framework (Source: Author) 3.0 Research Methodology 3.1 Proposition of the Research The particular research makes the proposition to find out the current standard of selecting suppliers for construction projects in Oman. Oman strongly depends on their construction industry along with oil industry for their economy growth. Currently, their construction industry is facing some issues and challenges because of their suppliers. Therefore, the research will help to find out those issues that are affecting those selection processes. Authentic sources of methods which are reliable for the context will be followed to collect data along with positive philosophy, deductive approach and analytical strategies. The study will also follow probability sampling method and qualitative data collection process. 3.2 Paradigm of the Research Figure 4: Research Paradigm (Source: Creswell 2013) This research will follow the positivism research paradigm, as it will allow making a analytic and valid investigation on the topic based on appropriate facts and evidences. On the other hand, interpretivism will put stress on the application of human perception to investigate the research problem whereas positivism refers to the examination of the problems with the help of real facts. Therefore, choosing interpretivism might prove improper in this case. 3.3 Approach of the Research The Inductive and Deductive approaches are mostly used research approaches. For this research, the deductive approach will be used as it will help to deduce knowledge from the existing theories, models and concepts on the standards of selecting suppliers in Oman for construction projects (Clarke et al. 2015). Using inductive approach will be irrelevant as there is narrow possibility to create new theories amidst so many theories about the topic. 3.4 Purpose of the Research The research will be carried out using analytical research purpose to deal with the research problem from different paradigms. The analytical purpose will also help to understand and evaluate different variables. Besides, the analytical purpose will be suitable for the research as this research already has well-framed research objectives and questions. The exploratory research purpose will be inappropriate as it develops questions with the progress of the study. 3.5 Methods of Data Collection Qualitative data collection method will be followed to collect the data related to the topic which will help to continue the research in a proper manner (Creswell 2013). To carry out the qualitative study it is essential to perform interviews with 15 managers of different companies in Oman. The interview with each of the managers will be one hour. 3.6 Method of Sampling Two types of sampling methods are used commonly in the researches which are probability sampling method and non-probability sampling method (Frels and Onwuegbuzie 2013). Non-probability sampling method will be used I this research by conducting the interview with 15 managers of different construction companies. 3.7 Ethical Consideration It is necessary to follow the rules and regulations of the Data Protection Act 1998. The participant managers will have their rights to quit at any time of the research. They must not be forced to participate at any cost (Miller et al. 2012). Data collected by the researcher will be used for the research purpose and academic purpose only, and it will not be used for any other purpose. Research questionnaires will not include any personal questions or questions that will demand any sensitive information on the companies. Besides, it is very important that personal information like contact names, numbers, e-mail ids and addresses of the managers will not be shared with any other party. References Ageron, B., Gunasekaran, A. and Spalanzani, A., 2012. Sustainable supply management: An empirical study.International Journal of Production Economics,140(1), pp.168-182. Al Nasseri, H. and Aulin, R., 2016. Understanding Management Roles and Organisational Behaviour in Planning and Scheduling Based on Construction Projects in Oman.Journal of Construction in Developing Countries,21(1). Bilal, Z.O. and Al Mqbali, N.S., 2015. Challenges and constrains faced by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Al Batinah governorate of Oman.World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development,11(2), pp.120-130. Bruno, G., Esposito, E., Genovese, A. and Passaro, R., 2012. AHP-based approaches for supplier evaluation: Problems and perspectives.Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,18(3), pp.159-172. Chai, J., Liu, J.N. and Ngai, E.W., 2013. Application of decision-making techniques in supplier selection: A systematic review of literature.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), pp.3872-3885. Chen, Y.H. and Chao, R.J., 2012. Supplier selection using consistent fuzzy preference relations.Expert Systems with Applications,39(3), pp.3233-3240. Clarke, N.J., Willis, M.E., Barnes, J.S., Caddick, N., Cromby, J., McDermott, H. and Wiltshire, G., 2015. Analytical pluralism in qualitative research: A meta-study.Qualitative Research in Psychology,12(2), pp.182-201. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=EbogAQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR1dq=positive+research+paradigm+ots=cafQvPQwAbsig=JQKw1mhkpWDS_r3t0ifpzd-6ocU#v=onepageq=positive%20research%20paradigmf=false Ferreira, L. and Borenstein, D., 2012. A fuzzy-Bayesian model for supplier selection.Expert Systems with Applications,39(9), pp.7834-7844. Frels, R.K. and Onwuegbuzie, A.J., 2013. Administering quantitative instruments with qualitative interviews: A mixed research approach.Journal of Counseling Development,91(2), pp.184-194. Hakro, A.N. and Omezzine, A.M., 2016. Oil prices and macroeconomic dynamics of the Oman economy.The Journal of Developing Areas,50(1), pp.1-27. Islam, M.A. and Khadem, M.M.R.K., 2013. Productivity determinants in Oman construction industry.International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management,12(4), pp.426-448. Jarkas, A.M., Al Balushi, R.A. and Raveendranath, P.K., 2015. Determinants of construction labour productivity in Oman.International Journal of Construction Management,15(4), pp.332-344. Khaleie, S., Fasanghari, M. and Tavassoli, E., 2012. Supplier selection using a novel intuitionist fuzzy clustering approach.Applied Soft Computing,12(6), pp.1741-1754. Kumar, A., Jain, V. and Kumar, S., 2014. A comprehensive environment friendly approach for supplier selection.Omega,42(1), pp.109-123. Li, F., Li, L., Jin, C., Wang, R., Wang, H. and Yang, L., 2012. A 3PL supplier selection model based on fuzzy sets.Computers Operations Research,39(8), pp.1879-1884. Memon, A.H., Rahman, I.A. and Jamil, M.H.A., 2014. Severity of Variation Order Factors in affecting Construction Project Performance. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aftab_Memon/publication/266080868_Severity_of_Variation_Order_Factors_in_affecting_Construction_Project_Performance/links/5424e0d70cf238c6ea73bbd7.pdf Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M. and Jessop, J. eds., 2012.Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=g2pEAgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP2dq=research+methodology+ots=sGHp4XIpIdsig=wRTJZDc4JyGa4c6Tc_GMaYcWoYw#v=onepageq=research%20methodologyf=false Omurca, S.I., 2013. An intelligent supplier evaluation, selection and development system.Applied Soft Computing,13(1), pp.690-697. Ruqaishi, M. and Bashir, H.A., 2013. Causes of delay in construction projects in the oil and gas industry in the gulf cooperation council countries: a case study.Journal of Management in Engineering,31(3), p.05014017. Saleh, M.S., 2015. Towards sustainable construction in Oman: Challenges Opportunities.Procedia Engineering,118, pp.177-184. Yafai, K.N., Hassan, J.S., Balubaid, S., Zin, R.M. and Hainin, M.R., 2014. Development of a risk assessment model for Oman Construction industry.Jurnal Teknologi,70.

Reiss SWOT Analysis free essay sample

Reiss really pays close attention to detail and quality of fabric. For example, for this large collar overcoat, Reiss have chosen to use a wool-rich blend, a very high quality fabric for a coat. The double-breasted style gives a formal look and the oversized collar gives a touch of informality. Moving onto the element of interest; the sunray effect seam detail. This gives a ‘shapely look’, suggesting that Reiss like to not only create formal looks but also very feminine rather than androgynous. Jacquard is a very interesting fabric that can be used to ‘spruce up’ any – otherwise plain – garment. I love Reiss’ clever use of mixing plain and textured fabrics and what better textured fabric to use than jacquard? It is yet another great way to add attention to detail with its intricate, ‘embossed’ and oh-so-shiny quality. Taruca is a breath of fresh air amongst the other Reiss Garments with its striking red hue and beautifully simple neck detail (again, attention to detail  Ã‚  and glossy lining. We will write a custom essay sample on Reiss SWOT Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Shop Layout If there is one thing I have noticed about Reiss’ stores worldwide, it is the minimalistic, formal and no-nonsense layout. From monochrome steps to clear hanging shelves, the moment you enter the shop the ambience is smooth yet sharp, simple yet bold and calm yet formal. The most recognisable details of the stores being true black with chrome, cylindrical bars and sometimes full wall mirrors and due to this professional layout. I have drawn my customer profile to a conclusion, taking points from all aspects of the company itself; the prices, the garment quality and finish and also the shop layout. The prices for the garments at Reiss are quite high-end. This – I feel – is because of the high quality material that Reiss use to make their garments. My conclusion is that Reiss design with simple, key shapes in mind, focusing on textured materials to add the element of interest in small detail. I feel that Reiss attract business orientated minds, where high prices propose high quality and above-standard finish. When you enter a shop, it only takes you a few seconds to determine whether or not you feel comfortable in the ambience that the layout gives off. Unlike Primark, for example, that give off a loud, bubbly feeling, Reiss’ target market are obviously higher end customers that feel comfortable with minimalistic style and calm ambience. These customers are looking for a striking yet professional look to ‘seal the deal’. Competition and Weaknesses

Best Bandi IELTS Essay Samples For Students

Best Bandi IELTS Essay Samples For StudentsBandi IELTS essays are among the best IELTS essay samples for students who want to write an essay that can be accepted in most IELTS colleges. You will not be able to find a better essay samples because they are able to demonstrate how to write an excellent essay in their essays.You will not be able to find a better bandi IELTS essay samples than this. If you want to improve your writing skills, you should start learning from these. With their help, you will be able to learn techniques that will let you write better essays. Here are some of the helpful tips:You should make use of bandi IELTS essay samples when you are writing IELTS exams. This is because the IELTS exam is a test of your creativity, your critical thinking skills, and your writing skills.When you are writing an essay with bandi IELTS essay samples, you need to use only keywords. In other words, don't use words that have multiple meanings. The words you use should only have one meaning or have a single meaning and be a keyword.The next tip is also related to grammar. In and IELTS essay samples, you must not write in English grammar that you learned from books.Remember, you are learning how to use proper grammar when you use and IELTS essay samples. So, you must use English grammar from textbooks when you are using bandi IELTS essay samples.The bandi IELTS essay samples for bandi IELTS essays are available for free online. You can read more tips from bandi IELTS essays in the following links:

The Pros of Mosquitoes and Their Important Roles

The Pros of Mosquitoes and Their Important Roles Not much love is lost between people and mosquitoes. If insects can be credited with evil intent, mosquitoes seem determined to wipe out the human race. As carriers of deadly diseases, mosquitoes are the  deadliest insect on Earth. Each year, hundreds of thousands of people die from malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever after being bitten by a disease-carrying, blood-sucking mosquito. The Zika virus can harm fetuses if a pregnant woman gets bitten, and chikungunya can cause debilitating joint pain. If these diseases affect a large population at once, the outbreak can overwhelm local health care, the UN reports. Mosquitoes also carry diseases that pose serious threats to livestock and pets. At the very least, these bloodthirsty insects are major annoyances, biting humans with a persistence that can be maddening. Knowing this, is there an intrinsic value to keeping them around? If we could, should we just eradicate them all off the face of the earth? The answer is mosquitoes do have value. Scientists are divided as to whether theyre worth it, though. The Long History of Mosquitoes on Earth Mosquitoes populated this planet long before man. The oldest mosquito fossils date back some 200 million years, to the Cretaceous period.   More than 3,500 species of mosquitoes have already been  described from various parts of the world, of which only a few hundred species bite or bother humans. In fact, only female mosquitoes bite humans. Males lack the parts to penetrate human skin.   Benefits Many scientists agree that mosquitoes present more of a hassle than they have value. The mere fact that they are the reason for so many human deaths a year is reason enough to wipe them off the planet. However, mosquitoes serve important functions in numerous ecosystems, serving as food for many species, helping filter detritus for plant  life to thrive, pollinating flowers, and even affecting the herding paths of caribou in the tundra. Last, scientists are looking at the mosquito for potential medical treatments. The Food Web Mosquito larvae are aquatic insects  and, as such, play an important role in the aquatic food chain. According to Dr. Gilbert Waldbauer in The Handy Bug Answer Book, Mosquito larvae are filter feeders that strain tiny organic particles such as unicellular algae from the water and convert them to the tissues of their own bodies, which are, in turn, eaten by fish. Mosquito larvae are, in essence, nutrient-packed snacks for fish and other aquatic animals. In addition, while species of mosquitoes eat the  carcasses of  insects  that drown in the  water,  the mosquito larvae feed on the waste products, making nutrients such as nitrogen available for the plant community to thrive. Thus, the elimination of those mosquitoes  might affect plant growth in those areas. A mosquitos role on the bottom of the food chain does not end at the larval stage. As adults, mosquitoes serve as equally nutritious meals for birds, bats, and spiders. Mosquitoes seem to represent a considerable biomass of food for wildlife on the lower rungs of the food chain. Mosquito  extinction, if it is achievable, could have an adverse effect on the ecosystem. However, many scientists suggest that the ecosystem could eventually rebound and another species could take its place in the system. Acting as Pollinators Only the females of some mosquito species need a meal of blood to get the proteins necessary to lay eggs. For the most part, male and female adult mosquitoes depend on nectar for energy. While retrieving nectar, mosquitoes pollinate plants to help to ensure that different types of plant life thrive.  When mosquitoes pollinate  plants, especially the aquatic ones around which they spend much of their lives, they help perpetuate these plants. These plants provide cover and shelter for other animals and organisms. Medicinal Lessons? Although the mosquito has been a known vector for spreading disease all over the world, there is some hope that mosquito saliva may  have some potential use for the treatment of the No. 1 worldwide killer of humans: cardiovascular disease. One promising application is the development of anticlotting drugs, such as clotting inhibitors and capillary dilators. The composition of mosquito saliva is relatively simple, as it usually contains fewer than 20 dominant proteins. Despite the great strides in knowledge of these molecules and their role in blood feeding, scientists still know only about half of the molecules found in the insects saliva.